Leopard server pdf

Embed Script. Size px x x x x Install Roundcube a Download the latest verison of Roundcube. You can delete the archive. Since Roundcube is still being heavily developed there's a good chance you'll be upgrading it in the future. Using the Terminal navigate to the Roundcube folder. In the commands listed below there will be instances where you will need to customize the command for your situation, please read anything in italics beneath a command before issuing it.

Now that a database has been created for Roundcube we need to populate the database with the structure of tables and links that Roundcube needs to see. Included with the download of Roundcube is a script to setup the database just the way we want it.

I'm unsure why the. The following changes are the most basic necessary to get Roundcube up and v. I'll cover some other possible changes in the Advanced Settings section later. All that's left to do is tell the Web service that you've got a new website and point the new site at Roundcube's folder. You're all done! This is not an all inclusive list of the available settings, these are just the ones I toyed with. Also, if I say "I think" then I'm making an educated guess as to the settings' purpose - so keep that in mind.

I left mine as "null", the default, because I'm authenticating with SSL on. Security and you are not using SSL I think you would want to change the above setting to "auth" for security purposes. This is where client Macs boot from the server itself instead of from their local hard drives. Even for a small network, you need a fast Mac server with multiple processors and fast hard drive storage, and lots of it. Wireless networking is too slow for NetBoot, which is why it supports only Ethernet connections.

A server with multiple Ethernet interfaces can prevent slowdowns. With a lot of Mac clients, NetBoot may be too much for one server to handle, so the software supports load balancing on multiple Mac servers. Although you can hack non-Apple hardware to run the Mac OS X operating system, it violates the user license agreement.

Mac OS X For example, if your Mac has two dual-core processors, you need 3GB minimum. The processor is, for the most part, determined by the Mac model you use, see the following sections. Quad-core processors are faster yet. Some Macs can hold several dozen gigabytes of memory, which is more than most people need.

For hard drive storage, you need as big a drive as you have data to store. Hard drive storage is relatively inexpensive. Select your Mac model for the RAM it holds as well as for the processor. The more expensive Macs hold significantly more RAM than the lower-end models. With hard drives, you can always replace the hard drive, or in some Mac models, add additional hard drives.

To get a particular type of processor, you have to select the Mac model. Within each model are some differences in clock speed. Mac Pro and Xserve offer the most options in processors at purchase time, giving you a choice of one or two multi-core processors.

Processors with multiple cores act as multiple processors. So two dual-core processors are equivalent to one quad-core processor.

This is why processing power is sometimes described in terms of the number of cores rather than the number of processors. An older Mac is perfectly fine — as long as it has an Intel processor. Mac Pro and MacBook use Intel processors. This window also tells how much memory you have in the machine. You can upgrade a processor in Mac Pro, but doing so is difficult and voids the warranty. For a Mac Pro no longer under warranty, check out this Web site: www.

Apple even has directions: Go to www. The architecture of the machines is just too different. Server applications can often run faster when you add RAM. More RAM also increases the number of simultaneous client connections that the server can handle without bogging down. A server with 2GB of RAM may be adequate for a small network of fewer than ten computers for file sharing.

At the bottom of the window, click the System Memory tab shown in Figure Look at the Page Ins and Page Outs numbers. This translates into slower server performance. In this case, add RAM to increase performance. To find the best prices, check out Ramseeker www. Just select your Mac model from a pop-up menu, and Ramseeker gives you a list of vendors and prices. Selecting hard drive storage Apple gives you some hard drive choices when you buy a Mac.

The drives vary in capacity, and with some models, you have a choice of rotational speed see the following section. You can also replace the hard drive in an existing Mac with a bigger or faster drive. I discuss both later in this section. This is the speed at which the platters inside the drive spin. The faster the rotational speed, the faster the drive performance.

As of , Apple uses 5,rpm drives in Mac mini. A speed of 4, rpm is very slow for a server and should be replaced. This is also the standard in high-end Mac Pro and Xserve. Both of these have an option for the next step in rotational speed — 15, rpm. Drives of the past few years that are 7, rpm and slower use the Serial ATA interface.

Drive form factor Internal hard drives come in two form factors: 2. The 2. Most desktop computers, including iMacs, use the 3. The oddball here is Mac mini, which uses a 2.

Apple uses the first term for the drive in its Time Capsule network storage product and in the drives in Xserve server hardware.

The basic feature of a server-grade or enterprise-class hard drive is a high mean time before failure MTBF rating, which represents the average working life of a drive before it needs repair. The MTBF of some server-grade drives is 1 million hours, which is years! Though not a lifetime guarantee, a high MTBF reduces the chances of hard drive failure during the life of the computer.

Manufacturers usually provide longer warranties for server-grade drives, and five-year warranties are common. Any hard drive can fail at any time. A high MTBF just lowers the failure probability. This includes more cache, high rotational speed such as 15, rpm , and faster throughput with an SAS interface. A server-grade hard drive costs more than an ordinary drive. RAID 0 uses a striping technique to make multiple hard drives work together as a single, fast, large hard drive. Data from a file is fragmented and written on both multiple drives.

When reading the file, the system can read the fragments from all the drives simultaneously, greatly increasing performance. RAID 0 also lets you create a very large, single volume for storing giant-sized files, such as video. If one of the drives in a RAID fails, all the data is lost. RAID 0 requires two hard drives minimum. If one drive fails, the other drive still contains all the data. RAID 1 requires two hard drives minimum. The drawback to RAID 5 is that it requires three hard drives minimum.

The drawback is that it requires at least four hard drives. Multiple servers or computers can access a NAS device directly. Other NAS devices often feature multiple drive bays. NAS units are often used for backup. Multiple servers can access a SAN, centralizing storage on the network. This server clustering enables iCal to serve thousands of users. Snow Leopard Server Mail server is similarly optimized for Xsan.

Podcast Producer can use Xsan to spread the creation of high-quality video to multiple servers all working on the same video located on the SAN.

Each is good for some type of network, and no size fits all. After you install Snow Leopard Server, you can run the server headless, using the Snow Leopard Server administration tools on another Mac on the network.

This section describes the four Macs, starting with Mac mini for lightweight tasks and ending with Xserve for large networks or heavy-duty tasks.

Mac mini as a server Surprisingly, people do use Mac mini as a server. Mac mini can be used for a small group of Macs for basic services or as a general-purpose Web server.

You also can use multiple Mac minis to serve larger networks. But a Mac mini might be all the server or servers you need. For a network or workgroup of about five client computers, a single Mac mini can handle file sharing, e-mail, Web services, iCal Server, DNS domain name server , and Open Directory with Kerberos authentication.

If you remove some of the weightier tasks, you can increase the size of the network that a Mac mini can serve. Remove file sharing from the list retaining the Web, e-mail, DNS, and iCal , and the mini is good for a few hundred users. You can buy four or five for the price of a basic Mac Pro. The cost is low enough that a new mini might be worth springing for rather than using an older and slower Mac that you have around.

At just 2-inches high, a stack of many minis is still smaller than a standard desktop PC. You can easily mount a Mac mini on a wall or under a desk with some of the brackets made for that purpose or of your own design.

You can even rack-mount Mac minis as you would with other server hardware. Current models have a dual-core processor, which runs Snow Leopard Server better than the single-core processor of earlier Mac mini models. The main weakness of Mac mini is the hard drive.

Mac mini has a relatively slow rotational speed for a server 5, rpm and is of relatively low capacity compared to other 2. You do have some options for upgrading, as described next. Contrary to popular belief, Mac mini is upgradeable.

After you get into the box, you can replace the drive with a bigger, faster drive. Be aware that when you do this, Mac mini runs hotter and the internal fan runs more frequently. Although Mac mini is officially not user serviceable, you can open it to upgrade RAM and the hard drive.

The main thing to figure out is how to open it. The mini is actually quite a bit easier to open than the iMac and takes less than a minute. Then, follow these steps: 1.

Place Mac mini upside down on a towel. Position the knife blade where the outer casing meets the inner plastic housing and then press down firmly until the putty knife slips in about half an inch.

Push the handle of the putty knife outward and down to release the internal plastic tabs. Work your way around the unit until the base is free from the cover.

The hard drive is located at the bottom of the internal plastic frame that also holds the DVD drive and the fan. Chapter 2: Choosing Server Hardware 4. Remove the frame by removing three small screws that hold it to the base. Unplug the small cable for the fan. Pull the base straight up, unplugging an interconnect board in the frame from a connector in the base.

With the frame removed, turn the mini upside down. You find the hard drive attached with four screws. Upgrade the RAM. You find two slots on the base, connected to the motherboard. Which means that you need to make sure you buy an IDE drive. Look for drives that are internal, 2. Removing the DVD drive is easier than replacing the hard drive: 1. Remove the four screws holding the DVD drive in place.

Then remove the two screws that hold the DVD drive to a daughter card that it plugs into. This is where you plug in the new IDE hard drive. Sleek and beautiful, the all-in-one iMac sits in between Mac mini and Mac Pro in. Best uses A server is a good use of an older iMac Intel-based that you might have sitting around.

You might buy a new iMac for a server in some situations, such as when you can make use of the display or have some multimedia use in mind. At any given time, Apple puts faster processors in the iMac than in the Mac mini. Reassembling it is also difficult. Mac Pro as a server The Apple power workstation also includes features designed for use as a high-powered server. Eight processing cores, expansion slots, multiple internal drives, and multiple Ethernet connections make the Mac Pro see Figure well suited for running Snow Leopard Server in demanding network situations.

For example, Mac Pro works as the file server for an entire school as well as runs thirdparty server software and NetBoot at the same time. The Mac Pro also works for running directory services and connecting a network of Macs to a Microsoft Active Directory network. Mac Pro is a better choice than Xserve in situations when the server is to be located in a workspace.

Mac Pro is quieter than Xserve and has a form factor that fits better in a workspace. Just open the side door and slide them in or out. This feature is designed for using the Mac Pro as a server. You can use one port to connect to the local network, and another port to connect to the Internet. This enables you to use the Mac server as a gateway, such as running the firewall, virtual private network server, or other gateway services.

You can also use the two ports together, for twice the bandwidth. You have to pull apart the computer, but the processor does sit in sockets that can be pulled out. Find a description of how to upgrade the processor here: www. Compared to Mac mini or iMac, Mac Pro is a lot of money.

The cost for memory and extra hard drives from Apple is also high. The RAID card is also expensive. The flat, horizontal body, shown in Figure , is designed to be mounted in a standard inch equipment rack and to be run headless.

The Mac Pro has all this, but Xserve also has features to keep it running in mission-critical situations. If you need Xserve to run in mission-critical situations, consider getting the AppleCare service plan. The next three sections help you decide whether you need Xserve or Mac Pro. Best uses The Xserve is similarly powered to the Mac Pro, so it can be used for the same uses as Mac Pro, running multiple services for hundreds of users. You may still need additional servers to run some services for very large networks, but the Xserve is better suited than a Mac Pro to a growing network because you can easily upgrade the processors.

The Xserve is also built for mission-critical situations. You may never have to shut down an Xserve. Xserves are designed to be located in a data center or a ventilated telecom closet. Simply pull out a power supply and replace it — without shutting down Xserve. However, it has only three drive bays; the Mac Pro has four. Manuals for the different Xserve model appear in the results.

The base model starts at a few hundred dollars more than Mac Pro, and you spend more for the processors. If this is the only place for your server, consider Mac Pro instead. Many different network layouts are possible. In this section, I describe a smaller network, or a subnetwork, that you might plug in to a larger network. When you run the Snow Leopard Server installer, it gathers data from the network during the setup to automate configuration.

Snow Leopard Server installation is covered in Chapter 3. The heart of a wired network infrastructure is an Ethernet switched hub or an Ethernet switch , a box that everything on a wired network plugs into.

You can often find Ethernet switches built into other devices, such as wireless access points, Internet routers, firewalls, and virtual private network gateways. Ethernet speeds Ethernet switches come in different performance levels. Ethernet ports Ethernet switches have anywhere from 4 to 24 ports see Figure , which shows an 8-port gigabit switch.

You can also connect daisy chain switches together if you outgrow your current switch. You need another port to plug in the server, another one for a networked printer if it has an Ethernet port , and another. The rest of the ports are for your client computers. Cables Ethernet cable comes in several grades. At minimum, you want Category 5e commonly known as Cat 5e cable for Gigabit Ethernet. Cat 5e cables can be used to a maximum length of about meters from the switch to the computer, though interference can shorten this.

A higher grade of Ethernet cable — Cat 6 — is more immune to noise. The advantages to Optical Ethernet are higher performance and longer distribution due to the near-total absence of electromagnetic interference. You should still use an Ethernet cable to connect the server to an Ethernet switch or wireless access point. The lower the signal strength, the slower network traffic is. Each supports up to 50 wireless client computers.

Time Capsule also contains a hard drive. If you get a third-party wireless access point, make sure it supports the The letters signify different revisions.

All Macs built today, as well as many PCs, support Older Macs and PCs may only support This is an external box that keeps the server running in the event of a power failure to the building.

Some organizations need to keep the server running through the time of the power failure. A UPS also gives you a chance to shut down the server in an orderly fashion. Simply shutting off the power in the middle of operations can damage the data on the server, and power surges related to the power failure can damage the server hardware.

A basic UPS contains a backup battery and a surge protector. AVR guarantees a constant level of power to the server in the event of fluctuations in delivered power, including short drops in power levels, or dips or surges that might occur before a total power outage. One parameter to look at is the electrical load capacity, measured in voltamps VA.

For Mac mini or iMac, VA should do it. Extra drives and expansion cards draw more power and require a higher load capacity.

Tripp Lite www. Before you install, you have to make some choices. You also need to decide whether to do the installation right from the Mac or remotely from another Mac. This chapter looks at the options and helps you decide which one is for you. One more thing: Make sure your server Mac lives up to the hardware requirements and recommendations in Chapter 2 before installing. But you still have a lot of options to consider before you insert the DVD in the Mac.

Which route you take depends on where you want to start from and where you want to go. Part I: Getting Snow Leopard Server Up and Running Here are the main decision points and tasks for installing and setting up, leaving out some of the details of installing remotely: 1. Decide whether you want a local install from the Mac server itself or a remote install from another Mac on the network. Collect data about the server and network and then write it down.

Apple provides a worksheet for this purpose. I discuss this worksheet in the following section. Decide whether you want a new installation commonly known as a clean install or an upgrade. If you configuring a new Xserve, Snow Leopard Server is preinstalled.

Boot from the DVD and install the server software if not preinstalled. If you do a new clean installation, decide whether to reformat the hard drive. Decide how to manage users and groups: Add them to this server, import them from another server, or use a directory server elsewhere on the network.

Type in your configuration information. After you finish going through the configuration screens, Snow Leopard Server is ready for action. A remote installation from another Mac on the network has a few more tasks. Perform any post-installation configuration such as add users, further configure DNS, or set up relay servers. The server should be connected to your network during installation so that it can gather some of the configuration information automatically.

You no longer have choices for Standard, Workgroup, and Advanced configurations. In their place is a simplified choice of where you want the users and groups to reside. The rest of this chapter looks at the details of this road map. I start with the common point of departure for all installation and configuration routes: collecting network information. A good idea is to gather this information before you start installation and configuration. You speed up your setup time by having the info in front of you while you type in the configuration screens.

Figure shows a small portion of the worksheet. The instructions give you a good idea of which section applies to you. The worksheet also tells you what you can skip and when you can skip it. The worksheet is also conveniently arranged in the order that the Server Assistant asks you for the information. The MAC address is a unique hardware identifier that specifies each Ethernet port or wireless network card, so a Mac can have more than one MAC address.

The MAC address takes the form of a series of two-digit characters separated by colons, like this: b5:d0: When you see them, remember that they are both the same. A different identification number that you may need is the serial number, a unique number that identifies every Mac.

Unlike the MAC address, a Mac can have only one serial number. All Macs list the serial number somewhere on the outside case. Remove the battery and look for the serial and Ethernet ID numbers on a label inside the battery bay. You also see a tiny bar code.

Double-click the Mac OS X version number, and it changes to the hardware serial number see Figure You can find it in both System Profiler and System Preferences.

Figure Double-click the Mac OS X version number left to reveal the hardware serial number right. The System Profiler appears. On the right side, look for the Ethernet port. Open System Preferences and click the Network icon. Click the Advanced button and then click the Ethernet tab. This provides hardware remote monitoring and management. Network ID numbers When you collect data to enter into your worksheet, a variety of numbers identify your network.

The Apple worksheet has some more explanations. You assign each Ethernet port an IP address or have it done automatically. The IP address is four numbers separated by periods, such as Each number can be from 0 through Use a different subnet mask for each Ethernet port. The subnet mask limits the size of the subnet. The subnet mask can also be set automatically via DHCP. You can have more than one.

The domain name comes in the form of mycompany. This is one of the more important settings. Use a unique name such as ourserver. If you do have a DNS server elsewhere on the network, this is set automatically.

If you get this wrong, it could be difficult to remedy. When Macs browse for AFP shares or printers, they see the network names of servers or the workstation Macs that have file sharing turned on. A Mac computer name can be 63 characters or less. Spaces are okay. Users find it useful if the name has some significance, such as Computer Lab Server. Rules for IP addressing When you set an IP address manually known as static addressing , you need to follow some rules.

An IP address takes the form of four numbers from 0 through , separated by periods, such as The total IP address range is A public IP address is one that the entire Internet can see.

Every computer on the planet that the Internet can see must have a unique public IP address. Usually, your Internet service provider provides a public IP address, either manually or automatically. The Internet sees only the IP address of the gateway. The computers on this type of local network use private IP addresses from one of several private address ranges. You might give your server a private IP address if. There are several private address ranges.

One is the range that starts with Note: For this range, the last number can be , but the one before it can only go as high as The other two private ranges are If you manually configure the IP addresses of your Mac for a local network, you can use IP addresses from any of these ranges as long as all the Macs on the network are in the same range.

They also need the same subnet mask, and no two computers on your local network or subnetwork can have the same IP address. A subnetwork would consist of all the computers connected to one Ethernet port on the server. You will need to reformat, however, if you are installing on top of a Mac OS X client or if you want a clean installation.

If you plan on erasing the boot drive, consider your storage formatting options before installing. In order to reformat a hard drive, you need to boot the Mac from another drive or a DVD drive.

Disk Utility can do a simple erase or do something more complicated, such as create multiple partitions or create a software RAID. Even though the Installer is on the screen, the Utilities menu gives you access to Disk Utility. You will have to use Disk Utility on the server Mac, either before or during the installation.

The simple erase To erase a startup drive in Disk Utility, select the drive from the column on the left and click the Erase tab. Now choose a format from the Format pop-up menu. Partitioning a hard drive When you partition a hard drive, you divide it into multiple volumes. Each volume appears as a separate hard drive to the user.

You can use one partition as the startup disk containing Mac OS X Server the operating system and services , and use another, larger partition to store the user files. This scheme also prevents the boot partition from running out of disk space because of growing user data. Having multiple drives is better than multiple partitions, however, because they can increase system performance.

You also need to choose a format. The same guidelines described in the preceding section apply here. Figure shows you all the settings you need to configure.

Chapter 3: Installation and Setup To partition a drive, either before or during installation, do the following: 1. Launch Disk Utility. Click the hard drive you want to partition in the left pane and then click the Partition tab. In the Volume Scheme pop-up menu, choose the number of partitions you want to create. The space below the pop-up menu has a number of boxes representing the partition sizes.

Drag the bar that separates the boxes to resize them to the partition size in gigabytes that you want for each. Click a box to select it and then type a name for it in the Name field for each partition. Click Apply. However, a software RAID is far less expensive and does provide the benefits of data redundancy.

Click the RAID tab. Drag and drop drives from the left pane into the RAID pane. Use drives — not volumes — from the left pane.

Data from a file is fragmented and written on multiple drives. When accessing the file, the system reads the fragments from all the drives simultaneously. Concatenating gets really interesting when used with another RAID. For instance, concatenate two FireWire drives that add up to the capacity of the internal drive and then mirror the internal drive with the concatenated FireWire drives.

For example, if you have four drives, concatenate a 2-drive mirror array with a 2-drive striped array. This gives you both the performance of striping with the redundancy or mirroring. Click the Create button. Installing and Configuring Locally This section describes installing Snow Leopard Server locally — that is, with you sitting directly in front of the Mac that will be your server. The server Mac should be connected to the network and turned on.

It also describes the option of migrating settings and data from another server running Mac OS X Server versions Installing locally Installing and configuring probably looks like one seamless process to you. The only thing separating them is an automatic restart of the Mac after the software is installed.

This section describes the installation part of the process. This could be a new installation or an upgrade, though the procedure may vary a little. Click the Restart button in the screen that appears.

The Mac reboots from the DVD. Choose a language see Figure from the dialog and click the round arrow button. Notice that a menu bar exists with a Utilities menu that gives you access to several utilities see Figure Choose Disk Utility from the Utilities menu if you want to erase the hard drive, partition the hard drive into multiple volumes, or create a software RAID.

If you are not erasing the hard drive and the drive contains an older version of Mac OS X Server, the installer program will upgrade the older version of the server. Click Agree to accept the software license agreement. Select a destination drive by clicking it see Figure If you partitioned to multiple partitions, you see icons for them here. Click Customize to add or remove software from the standard installation.

In the dialog that slides down, you can remove languages other than English, and the X11 environment, which are normally installed see Figure Click Done when finished. Chapter 3: Installation and Setup Click the Install button. When finished, the Mac restarts and boots from the hard drive. The Snow Leopard server installation process moves to the configuration screens.

To continue with your local installation process, read on. Server Snow Leopard. However, finding where to begin can be challenging. Step-by-step instructions walk you through the details of each featured example so that you can type them out, run them, and even figure out how to debug them when they don't work right.

Taking into account that there is usually more than one way to do something when programming, the authors encourage you to experiment with a variety of solutions. This approach enables you to efficiently start writing programs in A common misconception in the Mac community is that Macs operating system is more secure than others.